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In the United States, Social Security is primarily the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) federal program.〔42 U.S. § 401, (Law.cornell.edu ) retrieved January 4, 2010.〕 The original Social Security Act (1935)〔Social Security Act of 1935 (【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/35actinx.html )〕 and the current version of the Act, as amended,〔(USC 7 ) 〕 encompass several social welfare and social insurance programs. Social Security is funded through payroll taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and are formally entrusted to the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, or the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund which make up the Social Security Trust Funds.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode42/usc_sec_42_00000401----000-.html )four〕 With a few exceptions, all salaried income, up to an amount specifically determined by law (see tax rate table below) has an FICA or SECA tax collected on it. All income over said amount is not taxed, for 2015 the maximum amount of taxable earnings is $118,500.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Maximum Taxable Earnings )〕 With few exceptions, all legal residents working in the United States now have an individual Social Security number. Indeed, nearly all working (and many non-working) residents since Social Security's 1935 inception have had a Social Security number, because it is required to do a wide range of things including paying the IRS and getting a job. In 2013, the total Social Security expenditures were $1.3 trillion, 8.4% of the $16.3 trillion GNP (2013) and 37% of the Federal expenditures of $3.684 trillion.〔2013 Status Of The Social Security And Medicare Programs () accessed 16 Oct 2013〕〔White house Historical tables. Table 1 () accessed 16 Oct 2013〕 Income derived from Social Security is currently estimated to keep roughly 20% of all Americans, age 65 or older, above the Federally defined poverty level.〔45. Orr, D. (November–December 2004). "Social Security Isn't Broken: So Why the Rush To 'Fix ' It? In C. Sturr & R. Vasudevan (Eds.), 2007, ''Current Economic Issues''. Boston: Economic Affairs Bureau.〕 The Social Security Administration is headquartered in Woodlawn, Maryland, just west of Baltimore. ==History== (詳細は) accessed 7 Nov 2013〕 *1935 The 37 page Social Security Act signed August 14, 1935 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Retirement benefits only to worker, welfare benefits started *1937 First Social Security Cards issued by post offices, over 20 million issued in first year *1939 Two new categories of beneficiaries added: spouse and minor children of a retired worker *1940 First monthly benefit check issued to Ida May Fuller for $22.54 *1950 Benefits increased and cost of living adjustments (COLAs) made at irregular intervals –77% COLA in 1950 *1954 Disability program added to Social Security *1961 Early retirement age lowered to age 62 at reduced benefits *1965 Medicare health care benefits added to Social security—20 million joined in three years *1966 Medicare tax of 0.7% added to pay for increased Medicare expenses *1972 Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program federalized and assigned to Social Security Administration *1975 Automatic cost of livings adjustments, COLAS, mandated *1977 COLA adjustments brought back to "sustainable" levels *1980 Amendments are made in disability program to help solve some problems of fraud *1983 Taxation of Social Security benefits introduced, New Federal hires required to be under Social Security, retirement age increased for younger workers to 66 and 67 years *1984 Congress passed the Disability Benefits Reform Act modifying several aspects of the disability program *1996, Drug addiction or alcoholism disability benefits could no longer be eligible for disability benefits. The Earnings limit doubled exemption amount for retired Social Security beneficiaries. Terminated SSI eligibility for most non-citizens *1997 The law requires the establishment of federal standards for state-issued birth certificates and requires SSA to develop a prototype counterfeit-resistant Social Security card—still being worked on. *1997 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, (TANF), replaces Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program placed under SSA *1997 State Children's Health Insurance Program for low income citizens--(SCHIP) added to Social Security Administration *2003 Voluntary drug benefits with supplemental Medicare insurance payments from recipients added *2009 No Social Security Benefits for Prisoners Act of 2009 signed. A limited form of the Social Security program began, during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term, as a measure to implement "social insurance" during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when poverty rates among senior citizens exceeded 50 percent.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 accessdate=March 17, 2006 )〕 The Act was an attempt to limit unforeseen and unprepared for dangers in the modern life: including old age, disability, poverty, unemployment, and the burdens of widow(er)s with and without children. Opponents, however, decried the proposal as socialism. In a Senate Finance Committee hearing, the Democratic Oklahoma Senator Thomas Gore asked Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, "Isn't this socialism?" She said that it was not, but he continued, "Isn't this a teeny-weeny bit of socialism?"〔Altman, Nancy J. (August 14, 2009), (President Barack Obama could learn from Franklin D. Roosevelt ) ''Los Angeles Times'', October 27, 2013〕 The provisions of Social Security have been changing since the 1930s, shifting in response to economic worries as well as coverage for the poor, dependent children, spouses, survivors and the disabled.〔Achenbaum, Andrew. Social Security Visions and Revisions, 1986. p. 124.〕 By 1950, debates moved away from which occupational groups should be included to get enough taxpayers to fund Social Security to how to provide more benefits.〔Kessler-Harris, Alice. In Pursuit of Equity, 2001. p. 156.〕 Changes in Social Security have reflected a balance between promoting "equality" and efforts to provide "adequate" and affordable protection for low wage workers.〔Achenbaum 1986. p. 130.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Social Security (United States)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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